Tsarin Duniya (Structure of the Earth) kashi na daya

  Barka da sake saduwa damu a wannan shafi ta Duniyar Geography. A wannan karo zamu yi dubi ne akan tsarin duniya watau (structure of the earth). Wannan maudu'i yana da matukar amfani saboda aciki ne zamu san tsarin duniyar nan tamu . Wannan maudu'i na daga cikin abin farko da ake karanta da dalibai game da geography, don haka yasa muka dauko shi don mu yi bayani gwargwadon hali. Sai ku biyo mu don karin bayani.

Duniya tana da sasa ko yankuna guda hudu. Wannan ya hada da Atmosphere (watau sararin samaniya), Lithosphere (Kasa), Biosphere (rai) da Hydrosphere (ruwa). A wani lokutan, wasu malamai sukan kara da Cryosphere (kankara), duk da haka zamu yi bayanin cryosphere ne karkashin Hydrosphere. Wasu kuma na amfani da kalma Geosphere daidai da Litosphere, wasu kuwa na amfani da kalmar don nufin gamayyan duka sasa ko yankuna duniya (spheres).

Atmosphere (Samaniyya)

Wannan wani shimfida ne ko tarin shimfidan iskar gas dake kewaye da duniya, wanda karfi gravity ke rike shi. Atmosphere yana kunshe da iskoki da dama, ciki akwai iskar Nitrogen (wanda ya ci kashi 78), iskar Oxygen (kashi 21), iskar Argon (kashi 0.9) da Carbon dioxide da wasu burbushi wasu iskokin gas. Atmosphere ko in ce sama yana da jerin shinfida, kowanne da siffofinsa na musamman. A jere daga doron kasa zuwa sama wadan nan shinfidan ya hada da troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere da kuma exosphere.

https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/sunearth/science/atmosphere-layers2.html

Kamar yadda ake jera a sama, mafi kusa da kasa shine Troposphere, wanda ya kama daga kan kasa zuwa kasan stratosphere. Troposphere na dauke da kashi uku bisa hudu na nauyin sararin sama, kuma shine shinfidar da harkokin yanayin duniya ke aukuwa. Troposphere yana bambanta daga wuri zuwa wuri, tsakanin kilomita sha bakwai (17) a yankin equator zuwa kilomita bakwai (7) a yankin poles. Yawancin girgije suna bayyana a nan, saboda kashi 99 cikin 100 na ruwan tiriri yana samuwa ne a nan troposhere. Hawan iska yana saukowa, kuma yanayin zafi yana sauyawa zuwa sanyi, yayin da kake hawa saman trosposhere din nan.

Shinfidan dake gaba shine wanda ake kira da Stratosphere. Mesosphere ya fara ne daidai saman troposphere kuma nisan shi yana kai wa har zuwa kilomita hamsin (50) daga doron kasa. Stratoshere yana da bambanci da tropossphere, stratosphere na kara zafi ne idan ka cigaba da hawa sama. Jirgin fasinjoji na kasuwanci suna tashi ne a kasa- kasan stratosphere, saboda wannan shinfidan yanada karancin girgiza kuma yana samar da tafiya mai dadi. 

Sama da stratosphere shine mesosphere. Yana kai sama har zuwa nisan kimanin kilomita tamanin da biyar (85) na sararin samaniyyar duniyar mu. Ba kamar yanayin zafin stratosphere yake ba, yanayin zafi yana kara sanyaya yayin da kake hawa saman mesosphere. Yanayi mafi sanyi a sararin samaniyyan duniya, kimanin digiri baya da tasa'in a ma'aunin selshiyus (-90 °C), na samuwa a kusa da saman wannan shimfidan. Duwatsun wuta dake fadowa daga sama (Meteors) suna konewa a cikin wannan shinfidar

Thermosphere yana farawa ne dab da saman Mesosphere ne. Kuma yana nisan kimanin kilomita 600. Aurora (wani koren haske ko haske mai launuka daban- daban dake samuwa a yankin poles musamman kasan Iceland) da tauraron dan adam suna samuwa a cikin wannan shinfidar. Yanayin zafi a saman shimfidan thermosphere yana kamawa ne daga digiri dari biyar a ma'aunin selshiyus (500 °C)  zuwa digiri dubu biyu a ma'aunin selshiyus (2,000 °C) ko sama da haka.

Exosphere ne iyakan koli na atmosphere. Ya kama ne daga saman thermosphere har zuwa nisan kilomita dubu goma (10,000 km). 

Amfanin sama

Abin yadda bincike ya nuna, sararin sama yana da matukar amfani ga dan adam, dabbobi har da shukoki. A cikin amfanin sama, ya hada da;

1. Kariya daga kunar zafin rana da dumin Ultraviolet

2. Sama na samar da ruwa wanda ke amfanan dan Adam da dukkan halittu.

3. A sama ne ake samun iskar Oxygen wanda dan Adam da dabbobi ke shaka.

4. Haka kuma a sama ne ake samun iskar Nitrogen wanda ke da matukar amfani wurin girman shukoki. Ma'ana yana amfani a fanin noma.

5. Sama na sama da kafan safara wanda jiragen sama ke amfani dashi waje tafiye-tafiye a fadin duniya.

Don samun karin bayani game da sararin sama watau atmosphere zai yi kyau ku bi wadan nan shafukan Centre for Science Education, NASA da Space.com

Lithosphere (Kasa)

Wannan shine sashen duniyada ya kunshi kasa da duwatsu. Lithosphere ya rabu zuwa sashe biyu. Wannan sasa sune ake kira da "crust", "mantle" da "core". 

CRUST 

Shine ne asalin saman kasa da muke kai kuma yana da kaurin kilomita dari (100). Crust din nan ya kara rabuwa zuwa shimfida biyu saboda bambancin nauyin kasan saboda sunaduran da yake kunshe a cikin su. Wadan nan shimfidan sune ake kira da:

i- Sial  da

ii- Sima

Sial :  wannan shimfidar itace na sama wanda muke kai, kuma ya kunshi duwatsu ne wanda suke yalwan sunadaran Silicate da Aluminium. Kalmar Sial ta samu ne daga gamayyar harufa biyun farko na Silica da Aluminium. Sial dai na samu a kusan ko ina daga abin da ya kama daga zurfin kilomita biyar (5) zuwa kilomita saba'in (70). Sial na da nauyin giram 2.7 kuma yana shimfide ne akan Sima saboda bai kai shi nauyi ba. Ana iya kiran Sial da "Continental Crust" saboda shi ya kunsa dukan nahiyoyin duniya.

Sima : wannan shimfidar ita ce ke biye da shimfidar Sial, watau yana karkashin shi, kuma yana dauke da duwatsu masu yalwan sunaduran Silicate da Magnesium. Kamar Sial, Sima ya samu ne daga gamayyar harufa biyun farko na Silica da Magnesium ne. Sima na nauyin giram 3.0 shi yasa yake kasa da Sial don yafi shi nauyi. Ana kiran Sima kuma da "Oceanic Crust" saboda shine ya kunshi dukan gadon tekunan duniya.

https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/lithosphere/

MANTLE

Mantle shine shimfidan dake biye da shimfidan crust. Saman mantle yana da karin motsin kasa wanda mutumin farko da ya gano haka shine Andrija Mohorovičić a shekarar 1909; wannan gaba ana kiran shi da Mohorovičić discontinuity or "Moho" don tunawa da shi. A mantle, yanayin zafi yana kamawa ne daga digiri dari biyar a ma'auni selhiyus (500) zuwa digiri dari tara (900) a ma'aunin selshiyus a sama-saman shi, a can kasa kusa da gaba tsakin mantle da core yana kai wa digiri dubu hudu a ma'aunin selshiyus (4000)


CORE

Core  shine sashen duniya dake can ciki (tsakiyar duniyar) kuma yana da zafi sosai. Core yana da siffa kamar kwallo ne kuma yana shimfide ne a karkashin mantle. Core na can cikin kasa ne kimanin nisan kilomita dubu biyu da dari tara daga doron kasa. Core ya rabu kashi biyu, akwai core mai ruwa-ruwa dake waje (liquid outer core) da kuma daskarraren core da ciki (soild inner core). 

Core na waje shimfida ne mai ruwa-ruwa wanda kaurin shi ya kai kimanin kilomita dubu biyar da dari biyu da sittin (5,260). Wannan shimfidan ya kunshi Iron ne da Nickel. Wannan core na waje na saman daskarraren core na ciki ne kuma yana kasan mantle, watau yana tsakiyan mantle da core na ciki (inner core). Yanayin zafin core na waje ya kama ne daga digiri dubu huhu da dari hudu a ma'aunin selshiyus (4400 °C) a wajen shi har zuwa digiri dubu shida da dari daya a ma'aunin selshiyus (6100 °C) a kusa da core na ciki.

Core na ciki kamar yadda binciken motsin kasa ya nuna, daskarraren rawul ne (mulmullalen abu haka) mai radius kimanin kilomita dubu daya da dari biyu da goma sha shida (1,216) kusa kashi saba'in na girman wata kenan. Masana sun yi amanna da cewa core din ciki na kunshe da Iron da Nickel a cakude, kuma yana da yanayin zafi kusan daidai da na rana.

Domin karin bayani sai ku duba wadan nan shafukan National Geographic da Wikipedia. Haka kuma a cikin littafan Geography na sakandare na Essential da Goh Cheng Leon har da Mastering the Basics of Geography na SBRS akwai sauwakakken bayanai game da tsarin duniya na waje da na ciki (external and internal structure of the earth). 

Amfanin Lithosphere

1. Kasa kamar yadda kowa ya sani, yana da matukar amfani wuri noma.

2. A kan kasa ne dan Adam yake harkokin sa na yau da kullum.

3. A kan kasa ne ake samun sunadurai daban-daban kamar gishiri, kanwa, zinari, azurfa da karafa daban-daban. Da sauran su.

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